•The potency of native postbiotics and paraprobiotics in modulating inflammation by affecting the gut-kidney axis
•Combined administration of fructooligosaccharides and Clostridium butyricum attenuates bowel cleansing-induced dysbiosis and safeguards mucosal defense in a murine model
•Impact of Upper Gastrointestinal Involvement on Clinical Outcomes in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
•Probiotic Clostridium butyricum CB-a alleviates intestinal inflammation through targeted modulation of the microbiome metabolome axis
•Glucose-derived ultra-small carbon nanozymes for treating inflammatory bowel disease
